ABSTRACT
Background: Postgraduates when join Pharmacology department, they don’t have much idea about guidelines and methods to do animal experiments. This study was designed to sensitize postgraduate students to animal experiments by evaluating the anti-inflammatory effects and the efficacy of diclofenac, tramadol and etoricoxib in reducing paw edema in wistar rats.Methods: The wistar rats of 225-250gram were divided into four groups (n=10 each). In all the groups the paw edema on right paw was created using 0.1ml of 1% formalin subcutaneously. Group 1 rats (control), group 2 were given diclofenac, group 3 were given tramadol and group 4 were given etoricoxib orally. The parameters assessed were water displacement in plethysmography after 2, 4, 24, 48 hours of giving the drug. The circumference of edematous paws after 4 hours, licking of paw was observed over 30minutes of giving the drug and was compared. Pre and post study feedback were obtained from the students by using a preformed questionnaire to assess the knowledge gained by the students.Results: The test showed that all the drugs were effective in reducing inflammation, circumference of edema and the licking duration significantly (p<0.05). The post study answering of questions by postgraduate was 100% in comparison to pre-study answering which was 33%.Conclusions: A short animal study conducted as a teaching tool to postgraduate students was able to teach the guidelines of animal experiments and handling of animals effectively.
ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes Mellitus can be complicated by a variety of cutaneous manifestations. Good metabolic control may prevent some of these manifestations and may support cure. Almost all diabetic patients eventually develop skin complications from long term effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the microcirculation and skin collagen. Cutaneous infections are more common in type 2 diabetes. Patients, who had diabetes for many years, tend to develop the most devastating skin problems. Aim: To evaluate the pattern of cutaneous manifestations in Diabetes Mellitus in controlled and uncontrolled State. Material and methods: Two hundred patients with the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type-II (100 controlled and 100 uncontrolled) attending the outpatient departments of dermatology and medicine of B.P.S. Govt. Medical College, Khanpur Kalan, Dist. Sonepat were studied Results: Among the cutaneous disorders commonly associated with diabetes, infections (49%) were the most prevalent. Conclusion: One should be vigilant enough for the cutaneous manifestations as they are the window to the systemic illness.
ABSTRACT
Background: The effects of statins apart from their role as cholesterol lowering agents have prompted this study to evaluate their antihypertensive role. Beta-blockers (BB) are one of the most effective drugs in hypertension. The present study was designed for comparative evaluation of BB with or without statins in the treatment of essential hypertension in a tertiary health care setup. Methods: This study was conducted in 20 hypertensive patients by Pharmacology Department in Medicine outpatient department at SGRRIM and HS Dehradun for 1 year. Initially, patients were stabilized for 4 weeks by BB and then subdivided into 2 groups. Group I: BB (n=10) and Group II: BB+statins (n=10). Patients were followed up every 4 weeks for 16 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI) were done every visit. Lipid profile was done at 4 and 16 weeks. Analysis was performed using t test. p≤0.05 was significant. Results: At 4 and 16 weeks, SBP in Group I was 133.6±3.7 and 127±1.61 mmHg (p>0.05) and in Group II was 141.2±2.97 and 130.6±0.71 mmHg (p<0.01). At 4 and 16 weeks DBP in Group I was 79.6±2.37 and 81±0.54 mmHg (p>0.05) and in Group II was 84.6±1.39 and 83.8±1.45 mmHg (p>0.05), respectively. At 16 weeks intergroup SBP and DBP comparison was done, which was not significant (p>0.05). At 4 and 16 weeks improvement in lipid profile in Group I (p>0.05) was not significant, but a significant improvement in Group II (p<0.05) have been observed and no significant changes in BMI and WHR in Groups I and II (p>0.05), respectively. Conclusions: Both groups showed significant improvement in BP. However, no significant difference was seen on intergroup comparison. Larger studies with more patients are needed to establish the role of statins in hypertension.
ABSTRACT
Background: Prehypertension is associated with an increased risk of the development of hypertension and persistent hypertension can lead to cardiovascular diseases. According JNC-7, prehypertension Is SBP of 120–139 mmHg or DBP of 80–89 mmHg. Aims & Objective: Estimation of prehypertension in young medical students and sensitizing them at an early stage about importance of life style modifications can help in preventing hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular diseases. Material and Methods: A total of 400 students were enrolled in the study. Information was collected related to their BMI, dietary habits, and exercising habits. After a rest of twenty minutes three readings of blood pressure, at one minute interval were taken and mean of three readings were recorded. Results: The overall prevalence of Prehypertension was 58.75%. Prevalence of prehypertension systolic and diastolic was 41.5% and 38.5% respectively. Prevalence of hypertension was 5%. Conclusion: There is a need for practicing life style modifications at an early stage. Modern life style is responsible for increasing prevalence of risk factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular events.